An endoscopic examination of the entire large intestine (colon) and distal small intestine (terminal ileum) using a flexible camera tube. Why you need it • Rectal bleeding, blood in stool • Chronic changes in bowel habits, unexplained abdominal pain • Colorectal cancer screening (age ≥45 or high risk) • Surveillance of polyps or inflammatory bowel [...]
A minimally invasive procedure using a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to inspect the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Why you need it • Persistent heartburn, difficulty swallowing, nausea or vomiting • Unexplained anemia or upper-GI bleeding • Suspicion of ulcers, gastritis, celiac disease, or Barrett’s esophagus Preparation • [...]
Advanced technique to remove deeper or larger GI lesions en bloc. Why it's done: Early cancers High-grade dysplasia Preparation: Fasting or bowel prep Stop anticoagulants What to expect: Sedation or anesthesia Dissection with special knives Takes 1–3 hours Risks: Bleeding (5–10%) Perforation (3–5%) Follow-up: Hospital stay 1–2 days Surveillance endoscopy
Removal of superficial lesions from GI lining using snare after lifting with fluid. Why it's done: Large polyps Early cancers Preparation: Bowel prep or fasting Stop blood thinners What to expect: Sedation given Lesion lifted and removed Takes 20–60 minutes Risks: Bleeding (1–5%) Rare perforation Follow-up: Pathology results Repeat scope if needed
Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to image GI wall and nearby organs. Why it's done: Pancreatic cysts or tumors Submucosal lesions Lymph node biopsy Preparation: Fast 6–8 hours Consent for biopsy What to expect: Sedation given Scope passed to stomach or rectum Ultrasound and needle biopsy performed Risks: Bleeding, infection Rare perforation Follow-up: Biopsy results in [...]
Endoscopic procedure to examine and treat bile and pancreatic ducts. Why it's done: Jaundice, gallstones Pancreatitis, strictures Preparation: Fast 8 hours Stop blood thinners What to expect: Sedation given Scope passed to duodenum Contrast injected, stents or stone removal done Risks: Pancreatitis (5–10%) Bleeding, infection Follow-up: Monitor for pain or fever Stent removal if placed
Scope examination of the colon in children. Why it's done: Rectal bleeding, diarrhea Suspected IBD or polyps Preparation: Bowel prep with laxatives Clear-liquid diet What to expect: Sedation given Scope passed through rectum Takes 20–30 minutes Risks: Bloating, bleeding Rare perforation Follow-up: Results in 3–5 days Surveillance if needed
Endoscopy to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in children. Why it's done: Vomiting, abdominal pain Suspected celiac or reflux Biopsy for diagnosis Preparation: Fasting 6–8 hours Sedation or anesthesia What to expect: Scope passed through mouth Takes 10–20 minutes Risks: Sore throat, nausea Rare bleeding or perforation Follow-up: Biopsy results in 3–5 days Resume [...]
Cow’s milk protein allergy Lactose intolerance Celiac disease Functional constipation Infantile colic GERD IBD (Crohn’s, UC) GI infections (rotavirus, parasites) Hirschsprung’s disease Eosinophilic GI disorders
Treatment of bleeding from the digestive tract. Upper GI causes: Ulcers, varices, gastritis Mallory-Weiss tear Lower GI causes: Hemorrhoids, polyps, cancer Diverticulosis, colitis Evaluation: Endoscopy or colonoscopy Blood tests, imaging Treatment: Endoscopic therapy (clips, cautery, injection) Medications or surgery if needed Follow-up: Repeat scope if bleeding recurs Monitor hemoglobin
