Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

  • Definition: Primary malignancy arising in chronically diseased liver.
  • Risk Factors: Cirrhosis, hepatitis B/C, fatty liver.
  • Diagnosis: Triphasic CT/MRI; AFP marker; biopsy if needed.
  • Treatment: Resection, ablation, transplant, or TACE depending on stage.
  • Follow-Up: Imaging and AFP every 3–6 months.

Liver Cyst & Abscess

  • Simple Liver Cyst
    • Benign fluid-filled lesion; asymptomatic or pain if large.
    • Observation; aspiration or sclerosis if symptomatic.
  • Liver Abscess
    • Bacterial or amoebic infection producing pus-filled cavity.
    • Symptoms: Fever, RUQ pain; diagnosed by US/CT.
    • Treatment: Antibiotics and percutaneous drainage.
    • Follow-Up: Ultrasound to confirm resolution.

Fatty & Alcoholic Liver Disease

  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
    • Fat accumulation in hepatocytes; associated with obesity and diabetes.
    • Management: Weight loss, exercise, control metabolic risk factors.
  • Alcoholic Liver Disease
    • Spectrum from steatosis to cirrhosis due to chronic alcohol use.
    • Management: Abstinence, nutritional support; treat complications.

Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)

  • Hepatitis A & E: Acute, fecal-oral transmission; supportive care; HEV severe in pregnancy.
  • Hepatitis B & D: Blood-borne; chronic HBV managed with antivirals; HDV coinfection worsens prognosis.
  • Hepatitis C: Chronic; curable with direct-acting antivirals over 8–12 weeks.
  • Follow-Up: Regular liver-function tests and HCC surveillance in chronic cases.

Space-Occupying Lesions & Benign Tumors

  • Hemangioma
    • Common vascular malformation; asymptomatic; observe unless large.
  • Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)
    • Benign regenerative lesion; often incidental; no treatment needed.
  • Other SOLs (adenoma, metastases): Characterize by imaging and biopsy; treat based on type.